Quite a few European countries have had something this for a while now.
There is an initiative (mandatory, for all member states!) to make these interoperable, which will hopefully make them more useful for applications like this.
Is that used by any private companies at all, i.e. can you open bank accounts or other sensitive private accounts with it?
login.gov is unfortunately only accepted by government services, and as far as I can tell only federal ones too – at least NY state has their own thing... (NY.GOV ID)