Microsoft has Azure Devops Boards that is similar: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/devops/boards/

Azure DevOps is really underrated: https://www.thoughtworks.com/radar/platforms/azure-devops

It’s been a self-hosted products for over a decade in the form of Visual SourceSafe and then TFS (wonky TFVC not withstanding; Git support was added a while ago as well), now living on as Azure DevOps Server.

visual studio online is what it was called internally, the marketing may have changed. It's okay, and is what was/probably still is used at MS internally to develop windows.

Never used it, but looks like Microsoft Project would fit that box.

Oh god, no. We moved from Project to Jira and life became immeasurably better!

Azure DevOps has boards and tickets and whatnot, so probably that?

GitHub / GitHub Enterprise?