Being able to set outbound Caller ID is something that is common with SIP providers and T1/PRI providers. The most common case today is using SIP. The billing happens at the provider level, and is not based on the user defined Caller ID field. Anyone can setup an Asterisk instance and make the caller ID value on the outgoing calls whatever they want [1].

[1] https://www.voip-info.org/setting-callerid/