No, you use money/resources from a previous grant to do exploratory work on the next grant while you are writing it. Sometimes you double-dip, so you write up a grant for one place, change parameters and personell slightly for another, etc. Have you ever actually worked in a research lab?
I wouldn't believe it if you told me COVID-19 was produced via carefully planned work. IMO, COVID-19 could only have been produced via exploratory work.
Look, fact of the matter is, I have consumed ~2M USD of resources on a seven year PhD that did not have grant money attached to it. Despite my important results, my grad school PI did not pursue further work in the direction I piloted. And as a postdoc I've steered DOE funded bioengineering project away from a strategy I knew would be unfruitful towards results that garnered three papers in as many years, but were very much not "in the proposed work of the grant" (though very much in the spirit of it). Ultimately we rewrote the grant to reflect the effect magnification I got and we were rejected for renewal, haha. Moreover, at the end, we did the experiment we were actually funded for, and found no effect.
Grants and science writ large are not the ideal spherical cow you think it to be.
