I don’t mean to downplay that distinction, but it’s worth nothing that being a doctor or lawyer back home is worth little after you immigrate. A lot of my aunts and uncles immigrated from Bangladesh to Anglo countries, and you have doctors, judges, and engineers working retail. They were starting back at 0.

A few of the younger ones spent years getting advanced degrees and eventually professional jobs, while many didn’t. But the next generation, my cousins, are pretty uniformly college educated professionals: doctors, lawyers, accountants, bankers, and engineers. And they’re fully socially integrated. Obviously coming from an educated family has certain intangible advantages. But the economic mobility and pathway to integration is critical. And it doesn’t exist in every developed country.