How are the other taxes? I know that some Oregonians I know often talk about how no-sales-tax Oregon has very high property tax to compensate.

Property taxes in Oregon are a little funny. It depends a lot on where your house is located and when it was built. I pay about 0.6% of current market value annually. I have friends that pay 2%.

8.25% sales tax in Texas (8.25% in CA, 8.875% in NYC).

CA's sales tax is county/city dependent, starting from a 8.25% base. It's 9.25% in San Jose, 9.5% somewhere nearby, closer to 9.75% in SF, and less than 9% some places.

see http://www.boe.ca.gov/sutax/pam71.htm .

Do you pay national income tax or something? I find it hard to believe that you get to keep 100% of the money you make.

Yes, you can't avoid federal taxes. You just don't have an additional ~10% on top of that from the state.

Besides federal income tax (as noted by another commenter), there's local sales tax, state property tax, and who knows what-all else. Income tax is sometimes one piece of a state's tax system, but it's never the only piece.