I think people are starting to get annoyed at how how these are all equivalent, and the switch in a lot of books seems to be towards the third version with braces.
int x = 0; // makes sense
int x(0); // sure
int x{0}; // braces?
> the first creates a new variable with a default value and then copies 0 into it.
No, no default constructor is invoked. In this specific example, until C++17, a temporary int object is created then x is copy constructed from it [1]. The compiler is explicitly allowed to omit the temporary+copy and directly construct from the parameter as per int x(0), but the constructor must be non-explicit.
From c++-17 on this is actually required and additionally a copy constructor is not required to exist. In practice is equivalent to #2 except for the non-explicit requirement.
Pedantic, I know, but as long as we are trying to clarify the rules is better to be clear.
[1] note: is different from default initialize then assign.
